Modal Verbs Drill
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dürfen — Präteritum — sie/Sie →
Modal verbs reference table
| Modal | Meaning | ich | du | er/sie | wir | ihr | sie/Sie | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| können | can / to be able to | kann | kannst | kann | können | könnt | können | Ability or possibility — "Ich kann Deutsch sprechen" (I can speak German) |
| müssen | must / to have to | muss | musst | muss | müssen | müsst | müssen | Necessity or obligation — "Ich muss arbeiten" (I have to work). Note: "nicht müssen" means not having to, not being forbidden. |
| dürfen | may / to be allowed to | darf | darfst | darf | dürfen | dürft | dürfen | Permission or prohibition — "Hier darf man nicht parken" (parking not allowed here). "Nicht dürfen" is a prohibition, which is stronger than "nicht müssen". |
| sollen | should / supposed to | soll | sollst | soll | sollen | sollt | sollen | Duty or instruction from an external source — "Du sollst das nicht tun" (you are not supposed to do that). Implies someone else is the source of the obligation. |
| wollen | to want to | will | willst | will | wollen | wollt | wollen | Desire or strong intention — "Ich will nach Berlin fahren" (I want to go to Berlin). More assertive than "möchten", which is the polite form. |
| mögen | to like / may | mag | magst | mag | mögen | mögt | mögen | Liking or preference — "Ich mag Kaffee" (I like coffee). The Konjunktiv II form "möchte" (would like) is more common in polite requests than "wollen". |
Amber cells show where the singular stem differs from the infinitive stem — a pattern shared by all modal verbs.
| Modal | Meaning | ich | du | er/sie | wir | ihr | sie/Sie | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| können | can / to be able to | konnte | konntest | konnte | konnten | konntet | konnten | Ability or possibility — "Ich kann Deutsch sprechen" (I can speak German) |
| müssen | must / to have to | musste | musstest | musste | mussten | musstet | mussten | Necessity or obligation — "Ich muss arbeiten" (I have to work). Note: "nicht müssen" means not having to, not being forbidden. |
| dürfen | may / to be allowed to | durfte | durftest | durfte | durften | durftet | durften | Permission or prohibition — "Hier darf man nicht parken" (parking not allowed here). "Nicht dürfen" is a prohibition, which is stronger than "nicht müssen". |
| sollen | should / supposed to | sollte | solltest | sollte | sollten | solltet | sollten | Duty or instruction from an external source — "Du sollst das nicht tun" (you are not supposed to do that). Implies someone else is the source of the obligation. |
| wollen | to want to | wollte | wolltest | wollte | wollten | wolltet | wollten | Desire or strong intention — "Ich will nach Berlin fahren" (I want to go to Berlin). More assertive than "möchten", which is the polite form. |
| mögen | to like / may | mochte | mochtest | mochte | mochten | mochtet | mochten | Liking or preference — "Ich mag Kaffee" (I like coffee). The Konjunktiv II form "möchte" (would like) is more common in polite requests than "wollen". |
Präteritum (simple past) forms — used in writing and formal speech.